Almost any sign may be associated with adrenal tumors. Two general types of adrenal tumors exist: adrenocortical carcinoma and pheochromocytoma. A variety of blood tests and imaging studies may be needed to confirm a diagnosis. Treatment is generally with surgery, although some cases may respond to medical management (chemotherapy). Surgery can be difficult due to frequent invasion of large blood vessels (vena cava) and the kidney. Secondary changes due to hormone production from the tumor may complicate treatment.
Less

Some tumors result in increased blood calcium levels. Signs may vary from a lump in the anal sac or enlarged lymph nodes causing changes in stools or straining, to signs secondary to increased calcium (hypercalcemia): increased water consumption, increased urination, weight loss, and vomiting. Many of these tumors have already spread to lymph nodes in the abdomen before the diagnosis can be made. Treatment includes surgical removal of the anal sac and possibly lymph nodes. In some cases radiation therapy and chemotherapy is also recommended. Medical treatment of increased calcium may be needed before or after tumor treatment to decrease injury to the kidneys.
Less

Benign tumors (perianal adenomas) are hormone dependent and occur most commonly in dogs that have not been castrated. Malignant tumors (sebaceous gland adenocarcinomas) are not hormone dependent. Benign tumors are treated with local tumor removal (surgery/cryosurgery) and castration (to prevent new tumor development). Treatment and outcome of malignant tumors vary depending on tumor size and possible spread to lymph nodes but generally include surgery and possibly radiation therapy.
Less

Most tumors are malignant (transitional cell carcinoma) and can spread to lymph nodes, bone, and lung. Signs include blood in the urine, straining to urinate, or signs secondary to tumor spread. Surgery often is not an option due to the location of these tumors in the bladder, although chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy may be viable treatment options. Cures are difficult due to inability to totally remove the bladder tumor and the high chance of tumor spread beyond the bladder.
Less

Most cases are malignant (usually osteosarcoma), but a wide variation in clinical signs, location, and outcome after treatment exists. When possible, the affected bone is removed surgically (including leg amputation), although radiation therapy is sometimes used to treat the affected bone. Depending on the degree of malignancy, chemotherapy is often indicated after surgery.
Less

A wide variety of tumors and clinical signs may be seen depending on the site and size of the tumor, and include blindness, seizures, and changes in personality. Diagnosis usually requires a CT or MRI scan. Treatment varies depending on location and size but may involve surgery and/or radiation therapy. Cats with meningioma (a specific brain tumor) have the best outcomes with appropriate treatment.
Less

Treatment is difficult unless the tumor is benign and surgically removable.
Less

The most common tumors of the eyelids, third eyelids and ocular surface are papillomas, adenomas, and melanomas in dogs and squamous cell carcinomas in cats. These tumors are most commonly treated by surgical removal or cryosurgery. The most common primary ocular tumors in dogs and cats are melanomas. In this case, enucleation is the most common form of treatment, where the eye is removed, if there are concerns for malignancy. This form of treatment is curative. Malignant melanomas that are metastatic carry a poorer prognosis.
Less

Signs are varied but include back pain, blood in the urine, weight loss, fever, and abdominal enlargement. Treatment is usually with surgery if the remaining kidney is functioning well. Lymphoma is treated with chemotherapy. Response to treatment varies considerably from good to poor.
Less

It can start in the liver, or spread to the liver from another cancer in the body. Clinical signs are often vague and include weight loss, loss of appetite, fatigue, abdominal enlargement, and possible jaundice. Solitary tumors (even if very large) may be effectively treated with surgery.
Less

It can start in the lung or spread to the lung (metastasis) from another cancer somewhere else in the body. Treatment for a tumor that originates in the lung usually involves surgical removal of the affected lung. If the disease is spread from another location, surgery is generally not a good option.
Less

This disease is more common in this presentation in dogs, while more common in the gastrointestinal tract of cats. This is a treatable, not curable disease. Treatment includes chemotherapy.
Less

Dogs and cats that are spayed early in life (less than one year of age) have almost no risk of developing malignant breast cancer. Approximately 50% of dog breast tumors are malignant while 90% of cat tumors are. Treatment is with surgery (mastectomy). The role of chemotherapy and radiation are undefined at this time. Over half of dogs are cured by surgery, whereas cat tumors are more malignant.
Less

Leimyomas are benign. Leiomyosarcomas are malignant tumors and are the second most common gastrointestinal tumor of dogs. In most cases, surgery is the treatment of choice. Rhabdomyosarcoma is a tumor that arises from striated muscle. In dogs these tumors most often arise from the tongue, larynx, myocardium, and bladder. These tumors require a multi modal treatment regimen and typically have a fair to poor prognosis.
Less

It may occur close to the brain or spinal cord, which causes the symptoms, or can occur in nerves away from the brain or spinal cord (see soft tissue sarcomas, peripheral nerve sheath tumors). Treatment is with surgery or occasionally radiation.
Less

A very wide range of tumors can occur from very malignant to benign. Signs may include difficulty eating, swelling inside or outside the mouth, halitosis (bad breath), and bloody saliva. A biopsy is critical for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. Treatment is generally with surgery (possibly including bone removing procedures) and/or radiation. The outcome of treatment is extremely variable depending on tumor type, site, size, and species.
Less

Clinical signs vary and include a distended abdomen from the tumor or fluid production. Some ovarian cancers produce excess hormones resulting in prolonged or absent heat cycles and hair loss. Treatment is surgical removal of the ovaries and outcomes are good if the tumor has not spread to other sites within the abdomen.
Less

They may or may not result in increased stimulation of various hormones (especially cortisone from the adrenal glands). Signs (increased water consumption, hair loss, etc.) may be from overproduction of hormones or related to pressure on the brain causing blindness, seizures, or change in personality. Treatment may involve medical management of symptoms or radiation of the tumor itself.
Less

Most cases are in the advanced stages of disease when first diagnosed. Treatment is often ineffective compared to treatment in humans. Treatment options include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and therapy with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory.
Less

Common signs can include blood in the bowel movement or straining to have a bowel movement. Tumors may be benign (polyps) or malignant. Treatment is generally with surgical removal or occasionally with cryosurgery (polyps). Prognosis varies depending on tumor type, specific site, and completeness of surgical removal.
Less

Over half of skin tumors are benign (especially in dogs), but all skin lumps deserve attention for the possibility of malignancy. Taking a few cells out of these tumors (fine-needle aspiration cytology) can help determine benign from malignant tumors. Management may include observation (only if it is conclusively benign), surgery, cryosurgery or, rarely, radiation or chemotherapy. Outcome ranges dramatically based on tumor type, site, size, species, and degree of malignancy.
Less

Treatment is usually with surgery, although chemotherapy may be used to treat intestinal lymphoma.
Less

They may start in the spinal cord or the spinal cord may be affected by a tumor starting in tissue adjacent to the spinal cord (e.g., bone, nerve, or muscle). Signs are usually associated with pain, lameness or paralysis, and vary with which site in the spinal cord is affected. Treatment varies widely and includes surgery, radiation and, rarely, chemotherapy. Outcome also varies widely depending on tumor type, site, and degree of spinal cord injury prior to treatment.
Less

Many non-cancerous conditions can cause enlargement of the spleen or lumps on the spleen. When the spleen does have cancer, it can originate in the spleen or be part of other whole body diseases. Signs of splenic cancer vary from weight loss, fatigue, enlargement of the abdomen and rapid collapse (from bleeding). Treatment is generally with splenectomy (removal of the spleen) and survival varies widely depending on the type of tumor and whether it has spread elsewhere. Chemotherapy is used for treatment (before or after spleen removal) in certain cases.
Less

Signs vary but may include vomiting (especially if blood is present), weight loss, anemia, and lack of appetite. Bowel movements may be dark and tarry in nature. Most stomach tumors are malignant with evidence of spread to lymph nodes or liver making treatment difficult. Treatment is generally with surgery, especially for benign tumors, although they are rare.
Less

Tumors are often benign but malignant forms do occur, especially in undescended testicles. They may produce hormones with secondary signs such as hair loss, feminization, or increased prostate size. Treatment is with castration and the outcome is usually excellent.
Less

It is more malignant in cats. Signs may include an abdominal mass or vaginal discharge. Some tumors are dependent on hormones for growth and treatment includes removing the ovaries and the uterus (spay).
Less

Signs include vaginal discharge, a physical mass, and straining to urinate. Growth may increase during heat cycles. Many of these tumors are benign (leiomyoma or polyp) and respond very well to surgical removal and spaying. A rare tumor (transmissible venereal cell tumor) is spread from dog to dog by sexual contact and can be cured with chemotherapy (vincristine) or radiation therapy.
Less

Hemangioma is a benign tumor that can occur in a variety of sites, including skin, liver spleen, kidneys, bone, tongue and heart. Complete surgical resection is usually curative. Hemangiosarcomas are highly malignant tumors. The most common primary sites in cats and dogs involve the visceral organs such as the spleen, right atrium of the heart, and liver. Tumors may also be in the skin or below the skin. Treatment is wide surgical resection, and typically chemotherapy as well. Hemangiosarcoma generally carries a poor prognosis.
Less